Form of Han Nationality

The formation of the Han is not easy, it has experienced the Xia, Shang, Zhou, Chu, Yue and other nationalities from the tribe to the nation's development process, and lived through the Xia, Shang, Zhou, Chu, Yue and other nationalities and part of Man, Yi, Rong , Di integration into the Chinese national phase, the

final form in the Han Dynasty of the three long and complex historical period.
    1. Xia, Shang, Zhou, Chu, Ethnic Groups have been rising more

    The formation of the Han started in the Xia, Shang, Zhou, Chu, the more the rise of various ethnic succession.

    Around 23-22 century BC, the Yellow River in the summer of ethnic, Luo River Valley loess area first rise.

According to legend, in the summer of tribes into the Yellow River, before the Luo River, still in the primitive clan commune system era. Kinship is still the main people to maintain ties. According to "Records of the summer of the Millennium", said: Summer tribal Si name. A total of 12 clans, that Xiahou Shi, there is Hu's, men's, as

appropriate, to find s, Tong City's, praise s, Fei, Qi's, Zeng's, Hsin, Ming's, as appropriate Gorbachev. Xiahou Shi at the core they share a common lineage for a large tribe. With the changes and development of productive forces, to the Yu period, the emergence and use of bronze tools, the rise of national significance for the summer is to promote the "Copper for the soldiers," the formation of the type of irrigated agriculture economy, reflecting the formation of summer and the economic base of national and political conditions have been met. In this new historical turning point, Yu planning Kyushu, marking the edge of summer and tribal kinship between gravitropic transformation complete, the summer also marks the formation of the nation.

    As the imbalance of social development, when the rise of the summer national at the time of the Yellow River,

located in the Shandong Peninsula, on instructions from a bird as a totem of Business tribes also lived a primitive society "at no fixed abode", "Historical Records of Yin Ji." "Seldom Jue Yi" "Book of Business Book Pangeng on." The flow of life. However, the continuous development of productive forces, business tribes, without exception, the disintegration of primitive society embarked on the road. "Phase soil Heroically overseas, cut-off" "Ode to Poetry in business long hair." The record is a message. Thus, Robinson had commercial tribe belonging to

the Xia Dynasty, established by the State in the business process, "Decoction princes," "Historical Records of Yin Ji." "Eleventh sign and invincible" and "Mencius Tengwen Gong under." Finally, victory in the Battle off section Ming Xia, Tang Jianli, a new slavery - Shang Dynasty. At the same time, tribes have also completed the business relationship from the blood into the relationship between gravitropic margin, and developed into a commercial nation, the rise in the lower Yellow River.

    As with business off the summer, living in the upper reaches of the Shaanxi-Gansu Wei Qin, Ju inter-basin was originally subordinate Shang Dynasty Zhou tribes, the rise of repeat business of national roads in the Hill belongs to the history of the Shang Dynasty conditions, completed the primitive society, the transition to class society, a repeat of the commercial off Xia Jie scene, in the "g-business" in the establishment of the Zhou dynasty ("Zuo Zhuan" Xi public twenty-four years). Developed into a weekly nation.

    Xia, Shang and family on Wednesday after another rise in the Yellow River, the Chu, the more the two communities also have been rising in the Yangtze River. Compared with the Yellow River, Yangtze River and social development process is relatively slow, because the country has not yet appeared, so considerable a period, the Yangtze River basin of the clan, tribal been called "pretty." The Man Jianghan region, is called "Chu Jing", when that is business, "Chu-dimensional female", "Home south of the country" ("Book of Yin Wu"). , Said. Accordance with the "development from the tribal to the national" general law, is in the class have the country has seen the nation on the eve of the formation of "Chu Jing", as the war into a normal make a living, and respect for martial arts, they are constantly out war, rapidly stronger. The Zhou Yi of Chu Xiong Wang Feng, a certain sense, not only laid the foundation Chukai Guo, Chu is also a sign of national formation.

    The formation of the more national prominence from the beginning in Vietnam. Located in Jiangsu and Zhejiang to Guangdong, Guangxi or Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau in this arc of Baiyue Group, the end result of long-term imbalances in social development at the "Bai Yue and domestic, have their own caste," "Geography" said Zan Chen note cited . State. However, the historical opportunity and the favorable geographical location, Shang, Zhou, the nation and the Central Plains in neighboring Jiangsu and Zhejiang Baiyue a - in the more protruding, and began to form for the nation's history. Wu, the more established countries, reflecting the more primitive society in disintegration and collapse, but also more marked in the margin of tribal kinship between gravitropic transformation complete.

   From the Xia, Shang, Zhou, Chu, the more the rise of various ethnic succession, we can see the formation and development of Chinese history of ancient people come and go in the majestic scene, they have written the first stage of the formation of the Han nationality.

The origin of the Han

Han is a history of never stopped, and a long history of people. Han origins are diverse, and both have supported the main source of the source.

    Han Yan Huang Group is a primary source. End of primitive society in China, the Yellow River in the Central Plains tribes and the rise of Emperor Huangdi tribe formed a tribal alliance, the leader of the tribal alliance to compete for power and position led to the historic "Battle of Banquan", the Yellow Emperor made a decisive victory and rule the roost in the Central Plains. Trace the origin of the Han Bank said, "Yan Huang Shi helmet", "Huang Dizi Sun", the source of cover for this. Then, in the Chinese history, the first occurrence of a nation - in summer and the Yellow Emperor tribal nation has a direct relationship between ethnic origin, Sima Qian in "Records of the summer in this century" is stated clearly in the summer of tribal peoples and the Yellow Emperor has a direct blood relationship, and its says: "Yu the father said, Gun, Gun, the father said, Zhuan Xu, Zhuan Xu's father said, yi, yi, the father said Huang. Yu persons, the Yellow Emperor of the great-great-grandson and Zhuan Xu's grandson also." Not only that, then the rise of the Week National Wei River valley and stay in the Yellow Emperor Yan and Huang tribes tribes and ethnic origin have a relationship. Such as the weekly national female ancestors, "Poetry Taiga Shengmin" said: "Jue born people, when Jiang a Three-dimensional," that is "Historical Records Zhou Ji," said: "Zhou Houji were abandoned. Mother has Tai's women, Jiang said a Three. "surname Jiang Yan is a tribe, which clearly tells us that the nation Waizu week to name the Yandi tribal descent. Male ancestors on the week the nation is born a Three abandoned Jiang, "Historical Records Zhou Ji," said: "The seal abandoned in Tai, Xiao Yue Hou, do not surnamed Ji's" The Yellow Emperor is a Jixing tribe, and this has clearly grandfather told us weeks of national tribal lineage is Jixing the Yellow Emperor.

    It is precisely because there are ethnic Han Yan Huang Group and the source relations, such as Mao Zedong and Zhu De in the "Festival Huangdi Wen" says: "illustrious ancestor, I Hua Zhao Zao; Wei Yan social cotton, Yue Hao Mindanao River. With wisdom and light is YA shortage; build the Albert, the male Legislative East. "(Mao Zedong, Zhu De:" festival Huangdi Wen "," New China News "April 5, 1937.) respect for the Yellow Emperor Han generation ancestor, known as the" human ancestor . " Now located in the middle of the Huangling County of Shaanxi, the legendary Yellow Emperor Tomb of the tomb is in the tens of thousands of years, surrounded by cypresses standing on the bridge in the mountains, becoming a symbol of Han Chinese origin.

    Han Dong Yi Group is another main source. Origins in the era of the Han, and Yan Huang tribal alliance and the Yellow River basin is home Dongyi. Dongyi Group consists of Chi, Tai Chun, Xu Yi, Lai Yi and Huai five parts. Their geographical distribution are: the Ministry of Home this southwestern Shandong Chi area, Emperor Jun Shandong and Henan, the Ministry of Home at the junction of this region, Lai Yi home today eastern Shandong Province, and Xu Yi living north of the Huaihe River in northern Jiangsu Xuzhou this area, Huai Huai home today south of the southern Jiangsu, southern Anhui. There are a small clan during, or tribes. As can be seen from this distribution mainly in Dongyi Group, including the Huaihe River Basin, including the Yellow River, the lower reaches of the vast region.

Han Chinese holiday

Many Han Chinese holiday, mainly Chinese New Year, Ching Ming Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Lantern Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival and so on. Off "Spring Festival", also known as Chinese New Year, is the Han Chinese traditional festival for thousands of years, but also the most solemn festival of the year. Chinese New Year, New Year's Eve to watch the night and first day to New Year.

    Han population, customs are different. Today, marriage between men and women have great refinement, the use of simple and lively wedding. But in some rural areas of the Han, the traditional folk still preserved.

    According to historical records, formerly known as Han Han Chinese Han Dynasty because of its name, formerly known as the Han Dynasty, "China" or "Zhu Xia." Whether in the political, military, philosophy, literature, history, art aspects, or in the natural science field, the Han people have created many brilliant achievements.

    Han Chinese people has always been to simple and creative spirit known. Han's economy is based on the history of agriculture, concurrently household sideline, is a typical farming men and women weave the natural economy. Han Chinese in the history of agricultural production has always been developed, especially irrigation and intensive cultivation known to the world, the Han have a very high handicraft level of development.

han clothing culture

Han Chinese clothing is more complex, since ancient times, a great deal. Ancient clothing has dresses, robes, trousers jacket clothing. To modern times, Han Chinese clothing began to change, ancient clothing was almost completely eliminated, replaced by a: man wearing a long gown and mandarin simplified, wearing a felt hat, fur hat, wool hat, and some wear Western dress, wearing Hats; women first wore the shirt under the dress simplified, improved after wearing a cheongsam fashion, and some to dress for the dress. Public officials and intellectuals to wear tunic, urban and rural men and women wore buttons down the front and dajin-style clothes. 50 years, many urban women and men in blue suits cadres, male and female clothing only difference is that the collar and pockets of many different, pop into the country from 80 years after the suits, jackets, coats, sweaters, coats, down jackets, etc, especially female Youth clothing is fashionable and diverse, chasing new trends in clothing fashion.

han diet

Han is mainly engaged in agriculture, the staple food of wheat, corn, rice, etc., supplemented by vegetables, soy and chicken, fish, pork, beef, mutton and other non-staple food, tea and wine is the traditional drink. Staple food is rice, the rice used to make rice porridge or rice, rice cakes, rice balls, dumplings, cakes and other various foods;-eating wheat, wheat flour used to make steamed bread, noodles, steamed rolls, steamed buns, dumplings, wonton, fried fritters, spring rolls, fried cake, pancakes and so on. Pay attention and be good at cooking, eating is a major characteristics of the Han. The Han people of different frying, roasting, boiling, steaming, baking and cooking methods such as cold, after a long practice, the formation of different local flavor. Han of Guangdong, Fujian, Anhui, Shandong, Sichuan, Hunan, Zhejiang, Jiangsu and other eight cuisine, famous at home and abroad.

    Han Chinese tea, is said to Shen Nong era began, the less there are 4700 years. Until now, there are people of Chinese Han Chinese tea ceremony on behalf of the customs. Han is the preparation of a wide variety of tea: tea beans are smoked Taihu Lake, Suzhou, the smell of tea, salt, ginger tea, Hunan, Chengdu Gaiwan Cha, Taiwan Dong Ding tea, Longjing tea in Hangzhou and Fujian oolong tea, etc. .

beliefs of han

Hans has always been inclusive of all religious beliefs to attitude. Destiny worship and ancestor worship is the main Han Chinese religious tradition.
    Part of the history of Han Chinese Taoist and Buddhist beliefs; later Catholic, Christianity was introduced into China, there are some who believe the religion.
    For thousands of years, advocates benevolence as the center, and attentive to ethics education, by Confucius, Mencius, the Confucian doctrine of the formation of ideology of the Han Chinese have a profound impact.

    The majority of the geographical distribution of the Han, the traditional housing due to the different regions have different styles. Han Chinese living in the North China Plain, live in homes more than their traditional brick and wood bungalows, mostly courtyard-style courtyard, courtyard in Beijing as the representative; Han Chinese living in the Northeast, the traditional housing and the North China are similar, the difference in the walls and roof , where the houses are generally thick, mainly to keep warm; living in the northern Han Chinese, then under thick loess soil, groundwater and low-dug caves for shelter, the cave is not only cool, but does not account for cultivated area; living in the south of the Han, the traditional wooden building housing the main, pay attention to heavy cornices Court and legal d structure. Around the southern customs and natural conditions, in housing construction layout are different. Such as hills and mountains of the building built on mountains, rivers and lakes in Jiangsu and Zhejiang will focus on Front Street after the River, Fujian Earth Building large and beautiful, small and beautiful pavilion in Suzhou.
    Whether south or north of the Han nationality, the common feature of traditional houses are blocks south, pay attention to interior lighting; to load-bearing wooden beams, to brick, stone and earth wall puzzle; the main room as the center, carved beams and decorative roof, eaves known.

Chinese dialect

Han Chinese in the country is characterized by the distribution of sparse Eastern Michigan, according to 1990 statistics, the Han population of 1.039 billion accounted for about 91.92 percent of the total population, of which the local Han population accounts for the proportion of the total population, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, 99.77%, respectively, 99.49%, while Xinjiang and Tibet were 37.58% and 2.05%.
    Han Chinese is used in Sino-Tibetan language family. After several years of interactive evolution is divided into nine modern Chinese dialects, namely Northern dialect, Wu dialect, Hunan dialect, Cantonese, Fujian dialect, Gan dialect, Hakka Dialect, Jin.
    Traditional scholars of modern Chinese language that is divided into seven major dialects, in recent years, many scholars believe that if the flat Guangxi, Shanxi Jin should be parallel with the other seven dialects. In addition, some scholars will also be divided into Minnan dialect of Fujian and northern Fujian words. The distribution of these dialects have their own geographical access, can be further divided within each dialect zoning, thus constituting a Chinese dialect complex, north-south state of mutually unintelligible languages. However, due to high degree of unity of Chinese characters, on the Han Chinese have a strong cohesive effect, so, we seem to be no exaggeration to say: no characters, no Han Chinese.

develop of population about han

If the population from the Han ethnic group counting the source the beginning of summer there are about 200 million people, after the Xia, Shang and Chou dynasties, to the Warring States Period more than 2,000 million people when Sheng was. Han Han formed in the time of the Han population has reached more than 5,000 people, to the early Tang Dynasty reached between 80000000-9000 million to the Northern Song Dynasty Grand thousand years, up to 10,441 people (Wang Yumin, "Population History of China", Jiangsu People's Publishing Society in November 1995 Edition).

After the Yuan Dynasty, in the trend of China's reunification, the Han population of the snowball getting bigger. Twenty years of Ming Dynasty (1601) population of 1.5 billion, (Bingdi with, Ge Jianxiong Translation: "China's Population
Research 1368-1953", Shanghai Ancient Books Press, 1989 edition, p. 262). Three decades until the Qing dynasty (1851) amounted to 400 million or more, to the founding of the PRC, its population of about 600 million, to the late 20th century for 10 million or more. Geographically from the Yellow River, Yangtze River to the Pearl River Basin Development arrived in the south of Taiwan Island and Hainan Island, the development of the Heilongjiang River to the northeast, the development of the Tianshan Mountains to the northwest, southwest Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to the development.

summary

 In the East, the Pacific West Coast, a piece of ancient land, and it from west to east, the terrain gradually reduced, the formation of three major steps. The first step is the plateau level, more than in 4000-5000 meters above sea level, on which stands more than a dozen peaks 7,000 meters above sea beyond to Mount Everest to the world. The second class ladder from the northern edge of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the eastern edge of the Mountains, Taihang, Wushan and Xuefeng mountain, including between a number of plateaus and basins, of which the most famous is the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, the Loess Plateau, Inner Mongolian Plateau and the Tarim Basin, Qaidam Basin, Junggar Basin, Sichuan Basin. The third class ladder is more hilly East, the Great Plains and the continental shelf, most notably southern hills, hills of Guangdong and Guangxi, south-east coastal hills and the Northeast Plain, North China Plain, Yangtze River Basin and the Yellow River Delta, Yangtze River Delta , the Pearl River Delta. This is geographically called "Mainland China", but also people called "the land of China." In this ancient land of China, the world's population, live up to the Han Chinese.

leadership

In the "May Fourth" Movement, Hui Ma, Guo Long truth, Liu Qingyang, respectively, to participate in the patriotic movement and the leadership of Tianjin, Beijing and Tianjin and the Shanghai Sports Federation of Students Federation of joint action. Later, Ma, Kuo Lung true and so joined the Communist Party. Deng Enming Shui participation led the patriotic movement, Jinan, Shandong, and later he attended the First Congress of the Communist Party of China. In the first revolutionary war, many Mongolian pine years Ulanhu so joined the Communist Party and the Mongolian region and established the first branch; Jane Bai Bo, Tsui Hark joined the Communist Party at home equal to 20 years, and Guangdong and Hong Kong were to participate in the strike, the Northern Expedition and the Guangzhou Uprising; Zhuang Wei Baqun establishment of farmers associations to carry out revolutionary struggle in Guangxi. Second Revolutionary War, Deng Xiaoping, Zhang Yunyi carried out until the revolutionary work of Guangxi, and with the leadership of Wei Baqun launched in 1929, "Baise Uprising", set up the Red Army and Eighth Army Seventh Army; in Xinjiang, the leadership of the party Peoples organization "Association of anti-imperialist people of Xinjiang, " the anti-imperialist struggle; the Red Army during the Long March, people of all nationalities along the way lead the way for the Red Army, transfer information, to buy food and transportation, also actively participated in the Red Army. In the Anti-Japanese War, the Korean people have a dozen people participated in the fighting against Japan. Mongolian people and other ethnic groups work together to establish Ih Ju League and the anti-Japanese guerrilla base in Daqing. Jizhong Ma leadership of the Muslim fasting detachment, gave its panic-stricken Japanese invaders. The liberation war, ethnic Mongolian people, together with his brother, founded the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in 1947. May 1947 to August 1950, the Inner Mongolia, the Kuomintang army cavalry wiped out 2 million people. In 1944, people of all nationalities in Xinjiang launched the famous "Three Regions Revolution. " Revolutionary struggles around the minority, a heavy blow to the KMT rulers, vigorously supported the war of liberation

struggle against

1840 Opium War, China was gradually reduced to a semi-colonial, semi-feudal society, people of all imperialism and feudalism suffered the double oppression and exploitation. Set off the magnificent people of all nationalities struggle against imperialism and feudalism, the Chinese people's unity in forging ahead and write a new chapter in the history: in 1851, the outbreak of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in Guangxi revolutionary movement, Zhuang, Yao, Hui, Miao, Mongolian, Yi, Bai, Dai, Hani, Lisu and other ethnic minority people and Han people in the struggle together. Many of these famous people are ethnic minorities, such as the Northern Wei Changhui Wang, Wang Xiao Chaogui West and the famous generals Linfeng Xiang, Li Kaifang etc. are Zhuang. After the Opium War, Russia occupying my Heilongjiang, north east of the Ussuri River and east of Lake Balkhash in Xinjiang, a vast area south of the British and French were invaded Tibet and Southwest I, of all the people rise up aroused resistance. Daur, Oroqen, Hezhen, Ewenki and the Northwest, Southwest and actively organize people of all ethnic war, the heroic fight against the invaders. The great struggle against imperialism and feudalism, so that all ethnic groups in the new historical conditions, to achieve a new unity and reunification.

centralized state

Qin Shi Huang unified China, the establishment of centralized state (221 BC), marking the history of the beginning of a unified multi-ethnic country. Over the next two thousand years of development, are also part of the establishment of ethnic or political power in the border areas, or the Central Plains, as the ruling nation, they have made our contributions to the development of multi-ethnic country. Such as the Qin Dynasty, the Huns north, northwest of the Western ethnic groups, western Qiang, northeast of the East Wu (Xianbei, Wuhuan), the husband had more than other nationalities have established their own political power; Wei and Jin Dynasties, in addition to the brief unity of the Jin, the Han and the minority regime has been established over 23, including the establishment of the Huns had before Zhao, Northern Liang, Xia three regimes over western Liaoning Xianbei establish, on behalf of the Northern Zhou, the former Latter Yan Dynasty, West Qinling, West Yan, South cool, Nam Yin, etc. 9 regime, established after the Qin Qiang, Pakistan Dizu established after the Han, the Han had established before the cold, Ran Wei, Xiliang, Shu, Northern Yan five power; Tang, after the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms to the Song, Liao, Jin, China is once again experiencing separatist, the formation of the national political confrontation, such as the Song Dynasty and the Khitan tribe has Liao, Jurchen's Jin confrontation, etc.; Since then, the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty achieve national reunification. Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, national unity and cohesion of the Chinese nation further development. Yuan Dynasty in China and the ethnic minority areas, "province" system, the central dynasty close relationship with the ethnic minority areas; Manchu established the Qing Dynasty, was strongly against Russia, Britain and other colonial in Northeast China, Xinjiang, Tibet and other places aggression, and defend the national unity. Looking at the history of China, although the regime partakers are together, but national unification and ethnic unity has always been the mainstream of historical development and basic trends.

history of china

China has a long history. From the distant ancient times, the ancestors of the Chinese people of all nationalities to work, lived and multiplied in the land of China, the Chinese civilization and together create a unified multi-ethnic country and contribute their talents.
China's vast territory, fertile land, was jointly developed by the Chinese people of all the. From the Xia, Shang, Qin and Han Dynasties weeks, when the ancestors of the Han, when the Yellow River Basin Development Huaxia, the minority ancestors also developed around the vast region. Living in the northeast of the East Hu, Sushen, pour Lou, Yu Fu, and other ethnic Wuhuan large areas of three provinces in northeast, north of Yan yun, Di, Huns and other ethnic groups in this northern Mongolia and north China and some parts of the Northwest, Western Regions of Kucha, Khotan, Shanshan and other "castle country " ethnic groups in this Xinjiang region, northwestern Rong, Qiang, Di and other nationalities in this possession, the Green Zone, southern Miao, Pu, Wuling Man, Changsha Man and the southeast of southern barbarian tribes Baiyue other large areas of the Yangtze River this year, Li and Gaoshan the ancestors were in the Hainan Island and Taiwan, the more a person in this Hong Kong and Macao regions, and so on, of all nationalities Ancestors in various regions, with their hard work, the establishment of a unified multi-ethnic country and lay the foundation for