Garden

Chinese garden is a gem in the treasure house of Chinese culture. It is in their own unique artistic style and charm, rich history in their own content and the pursuit of the history of gardens unique in the world, occupies an extremely important position.

Has a long history of Chinese gardens. The legendary Yellow Emperor had set the Kunlun Mountains, "po", "garden" is the garden. China has a documented history of more than three thousand years garden. The type of Chinese gardens, their ownership can be divided into four categories: Royal gardens, private home gardens, garden temples and public gardens. Caused due to historical reasons, the main imperial garden built in the north, such as Beijing's three sea (Zhongnanhai, the North Sea), Summer Palace and Chengde Mountain Resort and so on. Private home gardens, mainly in the south, mostly concentrated in Suzhou, Yangzhou and Hangzhou, the park owner at the time, mostly aristocrats, tycoons. Such as the Suzhou Humble Administrator's Garden, Surging Wave Pavilion, Lion Grove Garden, Lingering Garden, Yangzhou, a park, any park. Large numbers in the temple garden of Buddhism and Taoism, after being elected, generally speaking, it is a subsidiary of the monastery buildings. Existing large temple garden Jinci Taiyuan in Shanxi. Public gardens are distributed in the picturesque place, such as the Daming Lake in Jinan, Hangzhou's West Lake and the Mount Tai and so on.

tea type

Green tea

The quality of Chinese green tea has always been first in the world. Biluochun in green tea, Longjing tea and the most prestigious. Longjing tea has 1,200 years of history, produced in the southwest of the Lion Peak West Lake, Longjing, five Yunshan and Tiger Mountain, and the "lion, dragon, cloud, Tiger" and other varieties, with Shi Feng Longjing best quality. Biluochun produced in Dongting Lake Wu County, Jiangsu Province, Dongshan Bilodeau peak, and now the East Dongting, Xishan have production, which produced the best quality Dongshan.

Black tea

China black tea is also renowned in the international market, the most famous when pushed Keemun black tea. "QI" produced in Anhui Keemun county. Since the Tang Dynasty, Keemun tea on the rich, the middle class "before rain mountain tea" quite famous. 1876 ​​has been in the Panama International Fair gold medal.

Oolong tea

Oolong tea also known as green tea, is a Chinese specialty. Its main feature is golden soup, glycol refreshing, rich aftertaste. Fujian Wuyi tea is the top grade. "Dream of Red Mansions" in Jia Mu, gem, Miaoyu Anli Daiyu to drink the "Laojun eyebrow" is the Wuyi Rock.

Scented tea

Smoked tea is fragrant tea and made into pigment. The main raw materials are jasmine flowers, magnolia, Zhu Lan, etc., but the jasmine is the best. Jasmine tea aroma, mellow resistant foam, loved by the people in the North.

White Tea

White tea yield much, but the quality is excellent. Produced in northern Fujian, "White House needles" the ringleader called white tea. White tea are mainly sold in Southeast Asia.

Pressed

Also known as brick tea black tea, processed into various shapes, a brick-shaped brick tea, black tea, flower brick; tight with heart-shaped tea; the umbrella of the Tuo and so on. Leader in brick tea is tea, six Fort tea.

Tea

The world's three drinks are Coca-Cola, coffee and tea. China is the world's first discovery and use of tea in the country. Through the development of Chinese tea to drink from the medicinal, from wild to cultivated a long process.

Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty period, the culture of tea drinking gradually flourished, to the Tang Dynasty, tea drinking has become a kind of Han people living habits. Lu Yu tea expert (AD 733-804) summed up the tea, tea and tea drinking experience, under construction in the first year of the Tang Dynasty (AD 780) wrote the first of China's tea is the world's first monograph - "Tea. "This is an encyclopedia about the tea things, in three volumes, the volume of tea in terms of origin, characters, names, tea, tea and tea utensils and tea type of method; volume listed tea, tea Apparatus; volumes about Pengcha under way all over the merits of water and tea customs.

Many varieties of Chinese tea, large varieties of green tea, black tea, oolong tea, jasmine tea, white tea and pressed, collectively referred to six tea. Among each category, was divided into many different characteristics of tea varieties.

Peking opera

One of the largest opera is a Chinese traditional art of flower. Western Opera Theatre of Performing Arts and the biggest difference is that it's symbolic, virtual sex. In the opera, the representative of a horse whip, two chairs stacked up that hill, two flags on behalf of a folder or a sedan car, a symbol of four soldiers walk around the stage a powerful army troops. Sometimes entirely without props, such as opening the door, the window, stairs, etc. with only some token gestures or movements to express. This kind of virtual behalf of the real, symbolic in a sense, the performing arts more real than real lifelike moving received artistic effect.

Such as the famous "Autumn River" is a description of the old girls take the helm of the ship working the case. Neither water boat on the stage, thanks to the excellent actors simulate boating and boat performance situation, with the facial movements of a boat in the air of the storm scene in the emergency line vividly reflected. Famous military drama "Divergence", the actors on stage lights brightly lit night fighting, it seems unreasonable and difficult to produce realistic. But because the performers of the night fighting accurately represents the characteristics and patterns of movement, the audience looks like a really dark night in the pitch-dark as in the fighting.

Because the art of Peking Opera has its own special charm, so not only loved by Chinese people, but also go beyond the language barrier for the viewing audience around the world.

Opera

National Opera, one of Han Chinese traditional art, opera many, singing and dancing performances, and he's singing, there is the text of arms, set the "singing, acting, reading, playing" in one, unique in the history of world drama, and its main characteristics, to set the Han Chinese Traditional Opera Great Opera, for example, one man dressed women, women play men. second division students, Dan, Jing, the ugly four line of business. Thirdly, it is an exaggeration of the make-up art - mask. Fourth "first line" (ie, opera costumes and props) are largely fixed style and specifications.

five is the use of "program" to perform. Han National Opera, from the pre-Qin Comedians, Han Dynasty, "a hundred red," Tang Dynasty "play army", the Song Dynasty, Song of the South play, the Yuan Dynasty until the Qing Dynasty opera where the formation of unprecedented prosperity and the Peking Opera , opera has always been rooted in the Han people, loved by the people. The theater is still the main entertainment of the Han. In general, likes to watch the opera more than northerners, southerners are more loving Shaoxing opera, all kinds of local operas have their own target audience. Home far from home even to listen, to see the hometown National Opera as an expression of thoughts.

Four Treasures of Study

Han appliances, many unique, different from both the performance of the Han customs of other nations, but also for world culture has contributed to the progress and development. The most typical is known as the "four treasures" of the writing tools: paper, pen, ink, ink stone.

Paper, is a great invention of the Han, and now the world's paper, although the varieties of millions of dollars, but the "rice paper" is still used for calligraphy and painting brush unique handmade paper, paper texture, flexibility, smooth white color, durable, absorbent and strong, in the international arena, "Paper Life Millennium" reputation.

Brush, an ancient ethnic Han Chinese and Western style very different to write with a feather unique writing, drawing tools. Although popular in the world today pencil, pen, pens, etc., but it is a brush can not be replaced. Penpower allegedly created by the brush is so far known as the hometown of brush Hengshui county in Hebei Hou shop three days of every lunar month, as Chinese New Year, every family making dumplings, drinking to celebrate, commemorate PenPower create a brush. Since Since the Yuan Dynasty, Zhejiang Huzhou produced a "sharp, round, healthy" characteristics of the "lake pen" to become the country's most famous brush species.

Mexico, is writing, painting pigment. Ming Jiang Xi Tang ink Chao, Xi-ting and his son made a good ink, acquired by the Southern Tang Li Yu's appreciation, given the country the family surname "Lee." From "Mo Li," renowned the world over. Song Li, renamed the Mexican origin Shexian Huizhou of Anhui, "Li Mo" was renamed "Hui ink."

Yan, commonly known as ink stone, a Han Chinese writing, painting, grinding pigment of the tool. Yan has been popular during the Han Dynasty, Song already commonly used in the Ming and Qing dynasties variety, there has been known as the "four Mingyan" and Duan, She Inkstone, Taoyan and Yan Cheng mud. Ancient Chinese scholars attach great importance on the ink stone, not only go hand in hand all day, but also with the sacrificial death.

In addition to "four treasures", the abacus beads invention is a Han ancestors simple calculation tool. Northern Song Dynasty painting "Painting" in Zhao Taicheng drugstore counter to painting an abacus. Abacus beads operations as quick and convenient for thousands of years has been the widespread use of computational tools Han Chinese, even the most advanced modern electronic calculator can not completely replace the role of abacus beads.

still red expensive yellow

Advocate in the color, the Han are still red, yellow, your customs.

Still red, as early as in the "Book of Rites Tan Gong on" on the record said: "The horse Chariot." This "is still red," There are many ancient customs in the performance of the Han: Chinese ancient times known as "Nine" and also known as "Red County Shenzhou"; "Red Bird" is considered Swiss birds, also known as another name for the sun; pure and kind of spoil the child known as "pure," noble character as loyal sincere "Chixin"; Shang and Zhou brilliant bronze culture the main raw material of copper, known as "pure gold." Over time, the order to fire the color "red", then refers to the general into the red.

Since the Han to the red as auspicious, happy, beautiful symbol of women's costumes so often called the "red makeup," and the "red makeup" on behalf of that beauty; or the appearance of beautiful women known as "roots" and also refers to beauty; or the young woman's shelter called "red boudoir"; even dressed men and women travel also known as "Guys and Dolls." Moreover, the Han Chinese into the red as a symbol of the revolution, the peasant uprising in history, some of the "Red Eyebrows Army", and some called the "red scarves", and "Red Coat, Army", "Red Lanterns" until the modern democratic revolution, the leadership of the armed workers and peasants have called the "Red Army."

He Qingshou in Han Chinese folk customs, weddings, both use red to decorate the environment, rendering the atmosphere, such as baby red cloth to hang on the door, use the red paper phase Yoshihisa the birthday noodles bar, the bride wear red, Chinese New Year gift-giving also putting up red paper give money to use the New Year and festive red paper packaging, commonly known as "wrapped in red paper." All of these commonly known as "red happy event."

Han is still red at the same time in your yellow. "Ban Gu chapter number" cloud "yellow person, and in the color of nature, Jesus Christ is not easy." Colored yellow for the most noble, on behalf of the central, therefore, have respect for the Emperor Han of ancient yellow Stern, the emperor wore robes, also known as "yellow robe"; ritual clothes when they wear yellow to show a grand and solemn; not only the Taoist King yellow, yellow clothes and yellow Buddhist also believe that simple and elegant, Jue Su, touching, there is aloof, so the clothing , multi-purpose building and other decorative yellow, utensils and more, "Liu Jing" (the "Gilded"). Han Chinese is the most typical of your yellow Eastern Han Dynasty's "Yellow Turbans" and even proposed a "heaven is dead, yellow days when the legislature, in the six decades old, the world down" political slogan.

In addition, Han also avoid white, that white represents the sorrow, pain and death, so funerals are solemn white to represent mourning. Funeral and commonly known as "white wedding."
Traditional medicine

Medicine in medical treatment, the Han and the establishment of the formation of a complete system of Chinese medicine, folk known as "Chinese", "medicine."

Qiemo, Han Chinese original diagnosis method, used in modern times Western medicine doctor with a stethoscope, but two thousand years of Chinese medicine is used to pulse, that is, feeling the pulse with your fingers, according to pulse to diagnose disease. A theoretical system of Chinese medicine is also unique to the world.

Han Chinese traditional medicine is herbal medicine, traditional Chinese medicine into their theory of the "four" (ie, cold, hot, warm, cool), "five flavors" (ie, Sim, bitter, salty, sour, sweet), "Long-liter" and "drifting" (that is, the tendency to play a drug in the body) of four different attributes. Chinese herbal medicines have a special processing method, called "cook" or "gun Sunburn." "Concocted" a variety of ways, according to the properties of drugs and treatment needs, are generally divided into the water system, fire system and fire and water were made of three. There is a unique style of Chinese herbal compound preparation of the "prescription." Using multi-herbal medicine working together, suppress, enhance efficacy, and the western "one-track mind," the treatment was significantly different. In addition, Chinese herbal medicine has a wide variety of "formulation", such as pills, powder, cream, wine agents, decoction, etc., to soups based. In short, the Chinese herbal medicine is characterized by "Jane, will, experience, honesty," the Han people for thousands of years by the welcome, the public has a strong foundation.

Chinese medicine treatment is also varied, in addition to the above prescription of Chinese herbal medicine as a primary means, there are acupuncture, cupping, steaming smoked, mapping, massage, massage, guided, pinched product, cut rule, scraping, paraffin, mud therapy, water bath, and other methods. In particular, acupuncture, the method is simple, simple equipment, a significant effect, and gradually extended to the countries of the world, the "The Magic" reputation.

Etiquette

Ancient China known as the "ceremonies"of the name, the ancient Han is very particular about manners, customs, unique.

Mutual exchanges, the objects of ancient Han Chinese are very different manners, divided into Jishou, obeisance, air first, vibration, Kyrgyzstan prayer, worship fierce, strange worship, praise and worship, worship scribe nine, called "Nine worship" . After the economic development, evolution, generally the most common are Dagong, Zuo Yi, and bow down to three.

Da Gong is right included, left out, encircle his hands to show respect. Kyrgyzstan still worship the ancient customs men left, while the woman is still the right guitar worship, called "Hail satisfied. " Fierce prayer, that is unfriendly Meet the ceremony is the opposite. Zuo Yi, in addition to hand over, but also bowed. Yi-Yi-, and Chang Yi of the high points. Yi-namely, holding his hands high, Zhang Yi addition to hand over the holding, but also from top to bottom, bow. Dagong and Zuo Yi is often used in conjunction, which is about the ancient "nine worship"in the "vibration" evolved. This was no hierarchy from top to bottom courtesy of points, usually between the ceremony for the same generation. In the ancient Han people, friends tend to meet his mouth, "Xie", while Dagongzuoyi to give way to show respect.

Bow down to, is a grave courtesy Han, including Jishou, obeisance, and other forms of air first. Jishou is kowtowing to the ground and pause for some time, it was in "Nine worship"in a most respectful courtesy, often as a minister of the king of worship. Dayton worship, that the first knock, the GM for the Xiabei on the previous generation, lower to higher levels of Baili. Empty first, the hand touch the ground, thanks to head to the hand. In addition, there is only one knee bent and "singular worship", very popular during the Qing Dynasty.

After the Revolution, with the abolition of the feudal monarchy, then bow down ceremony was abolished, but not extinct, until after the liberation was completely abandoned, but sometimes people Xiabei on the previous generation dual use this ceremony to show respect. Meanwhile, the Dagongzuoyi manners are gradually being handshake, salute, attention ceremony, asked Gifts and beckon replaced, but not completely disappeared.

Han Building

Han nationality living room form the building's wooden cornice brackets, known as "roof. " This kind of national forms of housing construction, the first germinated in the ruins of Banpo Mud poles Hemudu site structure and tenon joint structure Stilt houses. After a long exchange and mix, the Western Han Dynasty formed a "Qin brick tiles"and the wooden structure of the complete building structures, history called the "civil achievements. " The brackets not only play a supportive role in the mechanics, but also the art of decorative effect, reflects the strong housing construction Han ethnic style. In the historical development, this large national form is divided into the roof tiles, carved beams and brick palaces form of black tiles, simple form of simple houses.

Characteristics of the Han architectural layout is generally flat and to develop in depth, under the sub never ending room, front room side of the room, outside the hospital within a hospital, but the highest floor, second floor, often around the formation of strict symmetry, garden and building integrated, closed independent Residential buildings.

Han architectural unique, there are significant achievements of classical landscape architecture.

Now, although there have been many high-rise urban housing construction, but the important buildings tend to use ethnic Han Chinese traditional architectural forms, such as Beijing's top ten building to retain a strong national style. In rural areas, the north still popular courtyard, also built five South Church. Despite the emergence of new building materials and general use, but a lot of the basic or "Qin brick tiles" of mud brick or wood houses.

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Clothing

From ancient to now, Han Top Right side (cloth) feature is always retained. Unearthed from the Anyang jade carving, stone carving and pottery of the Shang Dynasty portrait on the right-ren can see high-necked clothes look. Although Hu cloth after the introduction, there shorts, but no matter the Western Han Dynasty "deep clothes," or Song of the "cross-collar robe," or the Qing Dynasty "robe" coat is always characterized by right-ren.

Modern men's robes or modern women have inherited the coat dress features right-ren.

Various dynasties, the color of clothing, each advocating, usually black in summer, commercial white, Zhou Chi, Qin black, Chinese red, yellow Tang clothing, red flags, to the Ming Dynasty, emulated weeks, Han, Tang, Song, will be appropriate for the red.

Development in fashion to the Qing Dynasty, a man generally built for the buttons down the front shirt and trousers, Waichuan dajin gown, plus a jacket a little stress, that the "long robe." Pants are lined with eight-inch wide waist. Tunic was popular, but rural areas still wear a long robe and trousers and shirt, so far there are still elderly people in remote mountain wear robes. Women in Late gown to wear knee and flared trousers to wear after the Republic of the "Axe Mouth shirt", there Duijin, dajin, pipa lapel of the other, under a skirt, with Fissidens skirts, pleated skirts and so on. 30 years after the cheongsam popular, but many rural women to wear dajin blouse and trousers. Modern Han Chinese clothing, the men represented the tunic, the woman to dress as a representative.

Melaleuca at the end of the shoes, the low round mouth to help, lightweight, breathable, comfortable, but also Han Chinese dressed one of the national characteristics.

Hair style, the Ancient man was not shaved, hair on the top crown knot, the Qing Dynasty to change Dressed braided, braided length of young people in the United States; the Republic of China after the cut with short braided hair, and more western style, flat style, or head. Han woman hair style more ancient times, the buns, the modern girl with flow of the sea, single braid, bun or two Ah, middle-aged women to have more long hair bun, hair compile older children behind. After the Republic of China and many women change hair cut short, leaving hair Qi ears. Men's hair is no longer the modern characteristics of the Han, the woman was still comb long braids hair with ethnic characteristics.

Modification of the ancient Han men to a certain age are leaving Hu beard, 15-year-old line of women's hairpin rite, commonly known as "open face." Women in ancient times there bra, foot binding and other Vulgar, men have the custom of tattooing.

Wear, the ancient Han Sheng Xingpei jade, both men and women wearing apron, to prevent disease from umbilical income, rural children are still wearing apron Hing. Old customs to bring a child is born "ground loop", which means safe landing, one to five years old to wear a "day official lock", also known as "longevity lock."

Funeral

The old tradition of Han heavy burial elaborate funeral, and mixed with a lot of superstitious practices. Hans has always been popular coffin burial, funeral solemn, sub-burial, funeral, burial in three stages.

Burial, tdress is to give bodies . People before beginning to give the deceased died encoffining Evocation, bath. In small and large burial burial burial steps. Is a small body wrapped in burial clothes quilt, usually with cloth, wealthy people with silk, and some royal jade clothing. Funeral coffin is put into the body. Coffin called "coffin" Male coffin inscribed with "shou" character, female coffin inscribed with "Fu", while others are engraved with "Gods" in the words of co-writing body. Put rice in a small burial Shihai dead mouth, rich people with bi, beads, etc., the royal family including jade, is modern with a silver dollar, are called "meal with." Funeral burial, often with some of the items that most people have clothes and daily necessities and other items were, prosperous people, and many royal funerary items and valuables.

Funeral is encoffining bier in the funeral house after the stop, funeral of different lengths, ranging from 3 to as many as 30 days were determined mainly by the funeral. Ancient times, coffin, buried at 3 months to up to 7 months. Han Chinese tradition, parents died, children will attend funerals, otherwise lack of filial piety. And pay homage to the deceased family and friends mourn the future, called "condole" or "condolences." Funeral thereof to mourning. Ancient Chinese mourning cut bad points, Qi Cui, great service, minor merits, woven hemp five, known as the "five", with thick, made of fine linen of different, according to the different affinities of different wear mourning, known as the " Pimadaixiao. " Modern and more to do with white mourning. Xing Xiongpei modern urban typically white, wearing black armbands arm.

Burial, the dead body is buried, the coffin was buried. Buried, often before the old customs to see feng shui, choosing the cemetery, called "select auspicious." Also known as funeral mourners. Funeral procession, the ancient Han Chinese general is "dutiful son" in the former Zhi Fu, Wan bier were dirge. Elegy to the past, the modern evolution of the funeral. Elegiac couplet written word or friends funeral procession pull to close, modern and developed into flowers circle wreath wrote elegiac couplet.

Ancient custom of human sacrificial victims (mainly close relatives, Elegance and valet, who committed suicide still remains to the Qing Dynasty), gradually replaced by glazed pottery, to modern portrait with burial Zeyi paper offerings.

After the funeral, has done seven off seven hundred days, the annual memorial service, etc., and sent to return ancestral tablets which people from the funeral rites of conversion of the "spirituality", "ancestral spirits" of the ritual .

In addition, the Han Chinese as well as "bury" the custom is to bury the body will die foreign land of origin.

During the funeral, relatives of the deceased to wear mourning, in the hall wake. Ancient Chinese ritual, blood into mourning by the degree of kinship with the deceased is divided into five, etc., in modern Chinese, there are "five" is the word that the proximity of blood relationship. Xiao taking white cloth made, which Western nations the custom of wearing a white dress to do different. Qing dynasty, a British first came to China, met the team that everyone wear white funeral clothes, which looked painful but sad, I feel very strange. In ancient times, when the funeral dirge was sang, Jin Tao during his lifetime the great poet wrote for himself, "Elegy poem" Three. Later in the elegiac couplet, harness hanging scroll is from the ancient elegy evolved.

Funeral size and position of the deceased as closely related to the feudal society of people of different status and identity of the funeral, there are stringent requirements. Nobility and the rich of the homely to large-scale funeral to show off their power. "Dream of Red Mansions" written in the dead Ningguo qing, the value used in thousands of ounces of silver coffin, by two, three hundred and Shang Daoshi the Scriptures, the funeral procession, the team, "mighty, the pressure to Yinshan general." The food and clothing for poor people with at least Shangqie reach, naturally mention "heavy burial burial" of the. Sometimes only with a mat wrapped about the body, hastily buried.

Elders died, children and grandchildren to keep at home, twenty-seven months, during which stop the communication and entertainment, the officials must leave home to mourning, to express condolences on Respecting, called "mourning."

Birth custom

Pregnancy, Han-called "good news. "

The next day a child is born to do "three dynasties. " After the child is born, most closed his eyes, always until to the three dynasties open eyes . According to old customs, the child opened his eyes to look his father at first, looking his mother, and then look at other relatives and friends, to show always obey their parents. Time to visit friends and relatives are often gifts eggs, brown sugar, baby clothes and other gifts congratulations. Which eggs dyed red, known as "red egg", as is the congratulation, it is also known as "happy eggs ".

Full moon, called "Full Moon. " Old customs to give the child reasonable haircut, commonly known as "barber, " a feast to celebrate. Some local regulations  eighth day of the newborn "barber"days. Han treatment on the full moon of the modern child has been treated as common, but some places on rural areas more pay attention and often have to ask the full moon wine.

Years of age, a child from birth has been the most solemn day. Ancient custom, the child years of age the day to test their future.pen and paper bow and arrow set is male, women were knife-foot needle baskets, and a variety of food, clothing on the table, let the children self-obtain, to take in the future is good. The age of modern Han Chinese generally more attention to children, whether urban or rural areas, children are generally required to take pictures and make new clothes, eat the egg noodles to express congratulations. Families with better economic conditions also do some birthday wine, in honor of relatives and friends. There are packages in rural south dumplings age customs. The dumplings  packet length than usual, meaning kids are grown up.

Ancient Chinese man to 20 years old, choose an auspicious date, please guests, presided over by his father in the ancestral temple in the crown ceremony. "Book of Rites, meaning crown, "it reads: "In ancient days the crown divinatory divinatory ceremony guests, so do the highest respect. " Female 15 years old-line hairpin rite, "Miriam Norris Maghreb"in the "hairpin, "the note said: "Hairpin, the gift of women, men are still the crown. " crown ceremony and the ceremony was held to say that one hairpin adult, get married. Modern and contemporary had not practiced these rituals, but at the age of 20 years of age tend to solemnly celebrate the birthday of someone better economic conditions, birthday wine, dinner for friends and relatives; general people also prepared a drink, eat egg noodles, his family phase He.

Marriage

Han Chinese wedding custom has a long history, rich in nation color. Already formed early in the Spring and Autumn period a complete set of etiquette, or "satisfied Color "and"asked the name ", "Nagy","satisfied that the sign ", "Please period ", etc., called "Six ceremony. "

"Color is satisfied"that the groom's family home, please mention to the female matchmaker propose, later called the "matchmaking"; "asked the name of" transformation Niangeng that the two sides, the modern call "for Dragon and Phoenix Tie ", and divination "marriage divination"; "satisfied Ji "is the" engagement ";" satisfied "sign next to the groom to the bride's family dowry, known as " bride price ";"Please period "is to choose a good woman to seek the views auspicious day for marriage;"pro-Ying "shall marry the bride.

From ancient times, though due to the changing times wedding, or differences between rich and poor while the other display Traditional and Simplified, but the basic procedure similar to the ceremony. Even the modern, the rise of free love, Miriam process more streamlined, but the matchmaker (introducer) through words, loving, engagement and marry other customs still some reservations.

"Six Man " with "pro-greet" the contents of the most colorful, the main customs of the shop room, Weeping, spreading Valley beans, "give the fire","splashing", impaired face, wearing red, the bride is not adequate to fulfill, the sitting Sedan, "cross-saddle", weddings, and threw off, cross Cup, downtown housing and so on. Two thousand years, these "pro-Ying" enduring customs and modern with the progress of society despite the innovation and evolution, but little variation of the basic aspects.

The system in terms of marriage, although the passage of the ancient Han monogamy, but concubinage is more prevalent, modern commonly known as "concubine discussion"or"married concubine", and generally not allowed to remarry widows, especially in the late feudal society, the rise of Science, the rules Very strict, and some basic wearing clothes of mourning widow to wear for life.

In the form of marriage, the old legally marry, there are trading marriage, cousin marriage, for pro-marriage, marriage room turn, recruit support marriage (commonly known as "married into"), Code wife marriage, child support marriage, pulp marriage, marriage of filial piety And ghost marriage and so on.

Cultural Psychology

Han Chinese cultural psychology is the result of several thousand years of accumulation ,gradually formed. Although the past century of modern culture input, so that traditional culture has been a great impact, but its influence is still deeply entrenched. This process of verbal communication in people formed a unique Chinese features.

First,base on agricultural natural economy  feudal society dominated China for thousands of years, this feudal patriarchal society, has created two national psychological characteristics: First, the high importance of kinship, the second is the emphasis on class differences . Therefore, verbal communication is a prominent feature on the pay attention to the use of kinship call, the strict generational difference between young and old.

In the west you can see the younger generation call elders by their first names, and this communication in Chinese  is not allowed on the relatives of the elders, must use the appellation title of talk, it is polite, educated. But also as an honorific kinship terms, a large number for those who talk non-relatives, such as saying that his uncle, grandmother, aunt  is considered to be respect for each other, indicating a close relationship.

Attention to the concept of seniority was diverted to the patriarchal social relationships, to become a hierarchy. Thousands of years of feudal society has been promoting seniority, hierarchy and orderly. So people talk to have official duties commensurate with the object has always been in the habit, which is considered in the ancient respect call. In communication in order to raise the status of each other, often suppress their own, so have a number of relatively modest and the respect call that if your name - My name, your home - my house, virtuous brother - fool brother, masterpiece - books , Bright ideas - my humble, humble opinion.

Second, the emphasis on interpersonal harmony, emphasizing the social nature of man, emphasizing the social, groups of individuals bound, not prominent individuals and stressed groups. This is also linked to patriarchal relations of feudal society,it sharp contrast to west which is self-centered , emphasizing the independent personality, personality, and respected the achievements and honors individuals. Because of this, the Chinese people in order to emphasize the close relationships, kinship call used to refer to non-relatives speaker; after meeting with the Chinese often greet each other as the contents of private life, such as the meeting asked, "Have you eaten?" I would not really worried that you would starve, just to show interest, show affection.

As for how much salary to ask you, how old, with or without object, or a class of several children's issues, the Chinese also seem close relationships, feel for the performance of the East the way the so-called humane, and in the west appears to interfere with other people seems to have a "privacy" is suspect.

Han nationality toward sex and gender issues on the conservative tradition resulted in gender differences in the language of verbal communication. Generally speaking,male expressions relatively straightforward, casual, women more implicates, grave. Sex-related words with a curse, the occurrence rate in men far more than women. Although the traditional idea that because men do not use the word civilization, but it seems to be general understanding that, while women are utterly indecent to use, it seems only natural to be criticized by public opinion.

go to  call custom

Call custom

In China, traditional degrees concepts exist for a long time,to itself as the center, there are four generations of elders, there are four generations of younger people, forming a "emperor, ancestor, ancestors, father, myself, son, grandchildren, great-great-great-grandson," the "Aboriginal" blood relationship, which is nine levels. If the genetic relationship between the collateral and linked by marriage, they form a large family system. There is only one part of the election to show the hierarchy.

First layer: grandfather, grandmother, grandfather, grandmother (long second generation)

The second layer: father, mother, uncle, aunt, uncle, aunt, uncle, aunt, uncle, aunt, uncle, aunt, father, mother (a generation)

The third layer: (own) brother, sister, sister, brother, sister, brother, cousin, Tangsao, cousin, Biaosao, brother-, Qi Mei, Jin Xiong (peers)

The fourth layer: the son, daughter, nephew, nephew, Neizhi, nephew-law (later generation)

Fifth layer: grandson, granddaughter, grandson, granddaughter, grandnephew, grandniece, Sun Xi, foreign Sunxi (late second generation)

Kinship is a generational division, no age limit, brother years older than his brother, brother's children off than the children years older generations later, descendants of the door and the door of the offspring compared to their peers may difference a few years old, does not affect generational relations, there are often long-bearded grandfather grandson or embrace. Therefore, Han Chang, "Gate turn junior," said.

Relatives also called for the community or neighborhood between strangers to that kind and respect. For example: neighborhood peers often brother, sister commensurate, the young people said their parents the same age uncle, aunt etc., said the grandfather of the same age man grandparents , Grandma, Grandpa and so on. In general, attention level, master point of view, the use of the title are important in the different age levels, titles are also different, especially the title on the envelope. If his son to the father, mother wrote, the letter should be referred to as "adult parents" or "Mom and Dad," and the title on the envelope is an angle issue. Said Mr. Ⅹ or duties is appropriate.

Life, in order to express the respect, but also pay attention to levels of a particular phenomenon. Such as: a family has a respected elders, younger family called Grandpa, Grandma etc. neighbors of all ages, may refer to as Grandpa, Grandma,but before title often labeled name. Such as "Dream of Red Mansions" Granny Liu, "Camel" in the Fourth Master Liu. Sometimes the title, insert the words "He (she)" and the words such as: his uncle, she two aunt , her brother Lee and so on. A similar call, also widely used today.
go to name and surname

Name and surname

Initially, the Han Chinese second name, s there is a difference. The original name was matriarchal commune of the family number. "Name" is the word "female" and "raw" connection. Many ancient surnames have a "female" side, such as ginger, Yao, Ji and so on. S is the name of the branch. As descendants of reproduction, family divided into several branches scattered all over, every one has a special mark as a symbol, which is s. Later, the first and last's not much differences.

Name of the source, generally have the following situations:

① The office for the name, such as Sima, Shangguan, Hou, Shuai, Wei, etc.;

② to vocational and skills as a surname, such as making pottery in the name "Tao", the management warehouse surname "warehouse", doing business name "Ja";

③ The ancestor's name, title for the surname, such as Mang, Shu Sun, Sun-, Kung-sun, etc.;

④ to seal country manor for the surname, such as Qi, Lu and Wu, Chu, etc.;

⑤ the original object of worship for the surname, such as horses, cattle, sheep, dragons, etc.;

⑥ characteristics in place of names, such as dongguo, Simon, Yang, Liu, Li, etc.;

⑦ name on numbers, such as Wu, Lu, Wan and so on.

In addition, some hyphenated name, such as Sun, Helan, Huyan, it is a translation made by the minority voice.

Sung prepared by the "Family Names" in revenue for a total of 408 surnames, hyphenated total of 76. Modern Publishing's "Dictionary of Chinese names," which has a total 4129 income of a single compound surname. Common surname, but about 200, the most common single surname only 100, and to Li, Wang, Zhang, Liu, Chen, Yang, Zhao, Huang, Zhou, Wu, Xu, Sun, Hu, Zhu, Gao, Lin, Wu Guo, Ma for the surnames of the population accounted for more than half.

The name of the ancient Chinese people today is more complicated than that, in general there surname, name, word, number four. After birth name is taken by the father. Word is held in the crown of adult men, two-year-old ceremony, held fifteen women taking hairpin ceremony, is one of the official title. No, there is a certain prestige and their culture, to express their ideas and inclination taken. Such as Tao Qian, No. Drifting; Ouyang Xiu, No. tippler, old age and number sixty-one lay; Lu, No. Fangweng.

No modern name of ancient people are so particular about, except for a few people with words, numbers, the average person usually has only one name,

And more to the word or words. Name reflects the cultural characteristics and psychological characteristics of the Han. If the use of "the rich, expensive, financial, and Paul" and other words, want to get rich; some use "Kang,Jian, Song, Shou" and other words, I hope health and longevity; some with "Dong, Jie, Jun, only "and other words, hope that the developed to become useful. Man, animal naming, the use of "Peng, dragon, tiger, leopard," a symbol of fierce, powerful, good luck to plant names is to use "loose, Huai, Tong, Park" and other words, a symbol of majestic tall and straight, full of vitality; women the corresponding with "phoenix, Orioles, Luan, Yan", the words and the "orchid, chrysanthemum, plum, apricot," and other words, I hope beautiful, gentle, virtuous.

Honour fathers to respect

Honour fathers to respect respect is the legacy of the Han through the ages. Honour fathers that is, worship of ancestors. When the Shang ancestors believed in God and the unity of a soul, believe in God and the ancestors of the Zhou Dynasty is the binary separation of god and the worship of ancestors god is more important traditions. Han Chinese ancestor worship is offering a major achievement of the ancestor and ancestral blood near close.

Ancestral worship practices until near the modern. Folk honour fathers  the festival is still very grand, and sometimes sacrifice, Church Festival, Festival Day, the Year Festival, the Housing sacrifice, ancestor worshiping and other holidays, some also visited the ancient ancestors mortal remains face image, the destination is did not forget our ancestors, and Happy to share with the ancestors or find ancestors bless. Han Chinese name of the place where the ancestral temple  is everywhere.

And honour fathers  practices related to the long-term in the feudal patriarchal clan system under the influence of the Han hi living together on a regular basis Compiling genealogy. Since living together, more than the ancient Han three under one roof, until five-generation, some together few hundreds of years, is "a large pool of young and old, the wind ceremony the smell. " The total wealth of the clan live together for generations, commonly known as "righteousness"or"meaning door. " Pujiang County, Zhejiang Province during the Ming Zheng even cohabiting nine generations, the first Ming Zheng  had edict special door construction to give Chile Commendation. Although the family forms are now becoming smaller, but three generations of the family is more common.

Respect for the elderly came from honour fathers  extended deeply rooted in the Han customs. "Book of Daya both drunk, "says: "filial piety is not deficient, never give this kind. " filial respect for the elderly means endless views of filial piety, is bound to always sway the whole family, and the whole nation. Han folk respect customs, down so far, is worthy of carry forward the fine tradition.

The farm is still

Han is an ancient agricultural peoples since ancient times the total agricultural population has been more than ninety eight per cent of the population, still has a long history of agricultural customs. From ancient times, the Han to as the agricultural-based industry. Han Fei as early as the Warring States period on the proposed "agriculture-based " claims. He said: "The real reason why the intrinsic positions who are also cultivators of the service. ""Han Fei sly the articles. " Thought of agriculture in the still under the influence of the Han community formed a "men plow the water, women weave and clothing, " "Rule of Law paintings policy papers. " "Men and women weave farming" can be said is a typical picture of Han social customs. It was not until modern times, particularly after the liberation of only a larger change.

Round solar terms is an important part of the Han Chinese are peculiar, its formation and creation of working people and the Han of ancient agricultural practices are closely related. As the seasons change the climate, farming and farm work as the content changes. Round solar terms, the meaning of the name itself, were clearly reflect this. Han Chinese farmers still used today by solar terms for farm work, farm work arrangements.

Customs associated with the Shang Han Chinese farmers to land the worship of God. "Ban Gu, "says: "to set those things, it was explained to God by the people. " worship God in the form of land is the "social worship, " God as the god of the land or community owners, offering a place called the Land of God Community. "Book of Rites rural special offerings, "says: "strong, offering land, while the main chi also ... ... strong, so also God in the road. " developed later, Han social layers are sacrificial rite. Folk belief in God on a wide range of land, liberation Earth Temple almost everywhere.

Couplet

Also called the pair, Ying paste, couplets. Refers to the suspension, paste, or carved in intramural, outside, etc. column Ying a joint language. It is from the ancient "Spring Festival" evolved.

To the Five Dynasties (AD 907-960), the Spring Festival started together on the language. According to "History of the Song, " said the monarch Meng Chang Shu Five favorite Spring Festival. New Year's Eve one year, he ordered the study in the Spring Festival Shi Xin Yin Xun diction points on the title to indicate the meaning of joy. But he thinks degree is badly written, it will pick up a pen to write on their "New Year satisfied Yuqing, Changchun No. festival" ten words. Future generations that this is the first couplet.

From the existing data view, formed in the Song Dynasty Art couplet, popular in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Several hundred years of history in the development process, the couplet form a unique kind of art, popular in the country, and spread to Japan and Southeast Asia.

Couplet is based on ancient Chinese poetry have a unique Chinese language arts. It points up and down the two together, Shu Xie, right to the joint, left for the second line, no matter how many words on each page, only a short four or five words, there is a long one or two hundred words. However, the upper and lower joint of the words must be equal. Some have a couplet from top to bottom, and some have multiple sentences, the sentences corresponding to the number of words should be equal. Down together to the same grammatical structure of sentences, the corresponding location on the part of speech should be the same or similar words, related meaning. Now ze asked not to be very strict couplet, as long as the same number of words up and down together, the whole duality, the last sentence on the joint down oblique tones, the second line down level tone on it
Customs

Han is one of the world's largest ancient nation, because of its long history and cultural development, so the colorful customs and rich exception.

Firecracker

Spring Festival, people, especially young people favorite activities are firecrackers.Burn firecrackers become a very important custom, more than two thousand years of history.

Legend has it that fireworks originated in the ancient "Liao court" when people use the bamboo poles and the like it made ​​of the torch. When the bamboo is burned, sending a strong burst of crackling sound, this is the first fireworks, also known as "explosive pole. "

To the Tang Dynasty, with the invention of gunpowder, people began to use bamboo fitted the gunpowder and burn. The Song Dynasty (AD 960-1279), firecrackers use paper, is to use multi-layer cling round into a cylinder-shaped paper, interior put gunpowder,after two blocked access to drugs line.when burn, as long as light line drugs, can cause an explosion of gunpowder, loud sound.

Now, more and more varieties of firecrackers, such as small firecrackers, thunder lightning, mother mine, Shooting guns, one hundred, one thousand fireworks, firecrackers million head, as well as to changing the shape, ejected colorful flame fireworks and more.

Now people set off firecrackers not just during the Spring Festival, as long as there is a happy thing, there is almost firecrackers. And had long ago lost the original "to avoid the mountain smell of urine, evil spirits, "the purpose is to increase the warm, festive atmosphere of it.

traditional festivals

Han has a long history, passed along from generation to generation, gradually formed a national integrated system of traditional festivals. Of the year, the main festival, according to the lunar order are:

The first day is New Year's Day, that the Spring Festival. Man day is the seventh day of first month. Fifteenth day of the Lantern Festival, also known as the Lantern Festival or the Festival of Lights. February 12 to spend towards the festival, also known as flowers birthday. March is already Festival, also known as repair Festival.Tomb-sweeping day, also in March, the first two Tomb Sweeping Day (or day) and the Cold Food Festival. Eighth day of the Buddha Festival in April. Fifth day of May, as the Dragon Boat Festival, also known as Dragon Boat Festival. July seventh day as the Tanabata, called  Doll Festival. July 15 for the Ghost Festival, also known as Halloween. August 15 for the Mid-Autumn Festival. Ninth day in September for the Chung Yeung Festival. November with the winter solstice festival. The night of the last day of December, New Year's Eve. Another Sheri, was divided in spring and autumn social community is imperative farm community on the day of sacrifice; V Day, and the festival in order to avoid hidden on behalf of the height of summer; December day, offering to God a hundred and illness.

Han festival development so far, the most prosperous and grand, lively, and most mass basis is the Spring Festival, Tomb Sweeping Festival, Dragon Boat and Mid-Autumn Festival four traditional festivals.

Spring Festival is the biggest festival of the year, usually New Year's foods from the twelfth lunar month, dusted off, sending Zao Jun, hanging paintings, couplets start, the New Year's Eve reunion dinner, commonly known as "New Year", stay up to the first day Spring Festival peak form . Main activities during the Spring Festival, "New Year." General to give some younger elders "lucky money", men and women are wearing new clothes, dress up. Carried out during the holiday season a variety of cultural and sports activities. Trinidad and Tobago holiday taboo, if not sweep the floor, not allowed to talk about bad luck, do not women cook, mostly seeking to discuss color Kyrgyzstan. But now, get rid of some superstitious practices, the rest are as powerful as ever.

In addition to Tomb-sweeping day grave-worship, the ancient Han then also carried out kite-flying, swinging, shuttlecock, Kickball ( football, polo), and other recreational activities. Outing, and planting willow and some have the custom. Now in addition to sweep ancestral graves, the young students but also sweep the martyrs cemetery, cherish the memory of martyrs. Tomb-sweeping day food, mostly southern fruit.

Dragon Boat Festival is the main practices to every household rice dumplings, eating dumplings, to the door hang calamus, leaves, spraying corner realgar wine; children sachets to hang in the forehead with realgar wine draw a "Wang"; adults drink houses. Main activities are dragon boat races.

The main custom of Mid-Autumn Festival is a reunion dinner, eat moon cake, worship the moon.

Holiday food

Festival food is rich and varied. It is often rich in nutrients, pleasing art form and deep cultural connotation are cleverly combine,become a typical festival food culture. Can be divided into three categories:

One is used as sacrificial offerings. In the old days of the court, official, clan, family of special worship, celebrations and other ceremonies played an important role. The majority Han Chinese in the contemporary area, this phenomenon has long been over, only in a few remote areas or certain specific occasions, but also retain some symbolic event.

The second is for people to eat at a particular festival food products. This is the main festival of food and eat custom. Such as New Year's Eve, the North every household has the habit of dumplings, and rice cake southern parts of the popular play, the custom of eating rice cakes, while the Han Chinese New Year's feast in many parts of the fish often ultimately symbolizes the "annual surplus." Dragon Boat Festival custom of eating dumplings, inheritance is not bad for thousands of years. Mid-Autumn Festival moon cake, and combine with the human kinship reunion and personnel of the blessings of harmony. Others, such as when the consumption  spring, spring rolls, the fifteenth day of the yuanxiao festival, the Lunar eighth day of December, to eat rice porridge, cold Cold Food Festival, Lunar New Year on February 2 to eat pig's head, biting beans, and the epistemic Valley section of the new food, drink festivals in marriage wedlock, birthday feasts of the peach, peach, cake life, are the special holiday customs of food and has a special meaning eat custom.

Dietary beliefs, taboos

Han offen in the first day, two, three days bogey of Health, that is, before the Lunar New Year food than cooked, and the holidays just days skillet. That is cooked along, sang, inverse, which in some places all the preparations will be complete in the year, three-day holidays between the said fixed knives and scissors. Again, in some areas to flood the temple in Henan for the millet birthday, the day not eat rice, millet or will lead to cuts; the past in a variety of women's reproductive period of more food taboos. Many areas such as the Han during pregnancy eat rabbit meat, rabbit meat to eat that would give birth to a child born cleft lip; there where fasting fresh ginger, fresh ginger shape as more than that, lest the child grow Six-fingered hands and feet. Han is not the last birth of women, many not eat dog meat, dog meat is considered unclean, and the food is easily lead to difficult labor and so on.

Beverage

Wine and tea are the two major beverage to Han. China is the homeland of tea, China is the world's first invention of brewing technology in the world. Wine culture and tea culture in China for thousands of years, the Han constitute an integral part of dietary practices, also took place in the world wide influence. In addition to the two main wine and tea drinks, fruit and other products have become some of the different regions and different seasons of people drink.

Gaiwan tea and Gongfu tea with the home culture of the Han nationality has become a favorite tea. Visitors offer tea, a Han Chinese noble manners. The popularity of tea has become one of the three drinks.

Han love tea, tea has a long history, the Jin Dynasty had put the street selling tea .Northern and Southern Song Dynasty tea all over the streets, drinking the much more vigorous civil society in the Qing Dynasty. Tea, in addition to tea, but also for snacks, candy, etc. There is also a folk art, storytelling, comic performances and recreational activities. Many tea specially located in the beautiful scenery of the place, people in the tea to quench their thirst, rest and recreation at the same time, but also to achieve through the viewing pleasure, the role of the spirit of economic adjustment. It was also in the tea to do business, solve disputes, tea is more politics, economy, culture and power in one of the solutions. How many emperors, men of letters wrote a chant Quotes of tea culture through the ages.

Different style teahouse across the country, the most famous numbers in Chengdu, Sichuan to Chaozhou in Guangdong effort Gaiwan tea.

Sichuan is China's oldest tea destinations, so the tea things quite good. The most famous teahouse in Chengdu, Sichuan, on the eve of the liberation of more than 700 statistics in size. Chengdu Gaiwan tea very unique. Authentic Sichuan teahouse's teapot should be copper, tin cup holder, round , Tea service. Tea set stools, as well as bamboo chair, you can sit and products, you can also lay products. Guests started to sit on a red tea can watch the stunt. Dr. Tea, tea sets on display can be entrusted to the table, one hand and "black gods," the big teapot in one hand and flip in one hand and tea in one hand and caps, table water does not spill, speed is amazing, called "snow cover Top. " Gaiwan tea, can maintain the temperature of tea, but also through the tea, cover and adjust the temperature switch. Both immediate drinking, but also savoring. Thick tea, run the reins, loved by the people.

Gongfu tea is a traditional Han nationality in Guangdong Chaozhou tea customs. Is the first concierge practice hospitality. Today, Chaozhou overseas Chinese also "Gongfu" as a recognized symbol of the motherland were chasing.

About Gongfu, Liang was in the "tea" in an article like this: "The winner of tea than the strong  that Gongfu." Also wrote: tea "very sophisticated, like a small pot of small poison toys and more serve tea, burning smoke." "This tea has the power hangover, such as chewing olives, tongue slightly astringent, after a few visits, like Yue Heyue thirst, want to stop puzzling, drinking Gongfu, there must be something, fine sipping fine chemicals, have equipment to Some service ... ... "visible Gongfu tea exquisite, delicate, bubble work stress. Small Yixing clay pots for the tea, usually a pot of three cups. There are porcelain together, cover can be plates, while a small dish accompanied by a small charcoal kettle together on the table, so as to open with the red. Tea, black tea with efforts to Tieguanyin for the top grade. Kung Fu tea making "high-low spill red, including foam shower cap, beaker, hot pot, to clarify the filter Xi" , health science.  you can not look washed over, and to return brewing, tea, the first guests to respect elders, other people the next round of drinking, hitting on three or four round, together with the tea, then red and then soak, while chatting, drinking tea, sit half a day. Gongfu hence the name.

Eight Cuisine

China is a long history, vast multi-ethnic country. Due to climate, natural resources and differences in customs, regions, people of all nationalities diet of raw materials, cooking methods, taste preferences are different, resulting in a lot of distinctive local cuisine.

    Local cuisine is based on the local food and gradually evolved. Each fusion cuisine is a lot of different places, different characteristics of ethnic dishes. Such as Beijing cuisine is the fusion of Manchu, Mongol, Hui, Han and other ethnic cuisine dishes developed. One of the main dishes, often also sent birth to several branches, such as Cantonese, there Guangzhou, Chaozhou, the East River and other local dishes. Chinese cuisine, how many big? Still say, today. There are four major styles of cooking, said that eight major cuisines, there are ten, twelve great cuisine said. There are four major branches of them recognized that Sichuan, Shandong cuisine, Cantonese and Jiangsu cuisine, there are other more famous Beijing cuisine, Shanghai cuisine, Fujian, Hunan, Zhejiang cuisine, Anhui cuisine and so on.

    "Sichuan" is the abbreviation of Sichuan cuisine, the authentic flavor of Chengdu, also including Chongqing, Leshan, Jiangjin, Aikawa and other local dishes. Sichuan choice of materials stress, operating precision, variety, unique flavor, chicken, duck, meat and more fish less. Known for bean paste, bad chili, pepper, oil, garlic, dried tangerine peel, balsamic vinegar as the main seasoning. The basic feature taste sour, sweet, hemp, spicy, incense, oil heavy and sour, with a strong local flavor of Sichuan. The main methods of dry seasoning, dry stir, garlic, hot and sour, pepper Ma, odor, oil and so on. Traditional dishes with smoked tea duck, crispy chicken, ma po tofu, kung pao chicken, chicken with Braised shark's fin, dry stir-eel, fish-flavored pork, twice-cooked pork and so on.

    "Lu" is the abbreviation of Shandong cuisine, mainly from the Jinan and Shandong both developed from local food. It features sophisticated choice of materials, fine knife, seasoning is moderate, workers in the furnace. Cooking techniques to the explosion, frying, roasting, frying, leavened, braised, grilled, etc. known. Multi seasoning salt, fresh, sour, spicy, spices, sauce, Congxiang, garlic and other flavor. Juice bright color on stress Ming qian, good tone and color with sugar, so the food color, mostly yellow or maroon. Traditional dishes turn nine large intestine, Tom burst double crisp, Texas, braised chicken, fish maw, etc.

    "Cantonese" is short for Guangdong cuisine, from Canton, Chaozhou, developed from the East River and other local dishes. The basic feature is fine choice of materials, raw materials and a wide variety of spices. In addition to fish and poultry animal raw materials, but also good at using snakes, raccoons, dogs, monkeys and other wild animals. Cooking techniques learned on the expertise of Western dishes, good fried, fried, fried, baked, stewed and so on. Taste for light, raw crisp, refreshing known. Traditional dishes: roast suckling pig, salt baked chicken, crispy chicken, beef with oyster sauce, raw dog meat stew, braised leopard three snakes and so on.
"Jiangsu cuisine" is short for Jiangsu cuisine, from Yangzhou, Nanjing, Suzhou and other places where food evolved. Characterized by rigorous choice of materials, fine workmanship, color coordination, handsome in appearance realistic. To cook freshwater lake crab, vegetables known. Cooking good stew, stew, steam, roasting, frying, etc., focusing with soup, pay attention to authentic. Feature is clear and fresh flavor and smooth, crisp, fat but not greasy, light but not thin. Traditional dishes with crab meat lion head, squirrel mandarin fish, purse carp, silver carp head split braised, crispy eel, phoenix chicken, cook Gansi and so on.

Diet culture

Eat custom

    Han with food crops as staple food, in all animal food and vegetables as vice  diet. Unlike the west the nation and China Tibetan, receive of national diet structure formed distinct difference. In addition, in the long-term of national development has formed three meals a day diet spoil system. Three meals in the main, dishes and drinks tie-in way both has certain commonalities, and because of different geographical climate environment, economic development level, production and living conditions and other reasons, form a series of specific characteristics.

Staple food

    Rice and pasta is the han nationality staple of two major types, south and north planting rice class area to rice is given priority to, grow wheat area criterion with pasta is given priority to, in addition, around the other grain, such as corn, sorghum, cereals, potato crop as grains have become part of a different region of staple food component. Han staple production methods, rice and flour products, each entomological society not less than hundreds of. Now, China's southeastern still with rice is given priority to, rice products, such as rice variety, rice cakes, rice porridge, , rice noodle, Ci rice, rice dumpling, etc; Northeast, northwest, north criterion with pasta is given priority to, steamed bread, steamed buns, noodles, pancakes, pies, dumplings, etc. Are all for daily favorite food, other such as shandong pancakes, shaanxi, shanxi GuoKui noodles, northwest, north China merchant, sichuan said, jiangsu decks are all famous wheat flour food flavor.

dishes

    Han diet custom form in many different types of cuisine, have been due to various condition the influence. First is raw material produce of local characteristics, such as the southeast coast of various seafood food, north of various useless trees, guangdong area folk venison snakes meal snake feast. Secondly, but also by the living environment and flavors of restriction. People often think of the han and other relevant national eat custom taste summarized as "south sweet and salty north, east spicy, west acid". Although too sweeping, are not accurate, but also reflects the certain flavors with regional differences and differences. Again, rotary modulation method, including ingredients, knife work, temperature, seasoning, cooking technical requirements and characteristics of different types, are the important factor of forming dishes.

    The local folk taste based on the science of for distinctive regional cuisine type, finally developed into a typical regional cuisines.Han fed diet culture  grand view.

The development of the han nationality

Han appeared in world history, and the stability of the unique, rare cohesion and charm, began on the most magnificent world ethnohistory national development historic course.

Population growth, national prosperity is one of the important marks, this is known as the saying goes: calm, earliest civilizations. Feudal society period the han population development after the two big development period, namely the wei jin sui tang and song liao, xia to to bright qing dynasty. Han han, formation of about 50 million population, early by jin and southern and northern dynasties to sui tang dynasty to mark, when population hit 100 million TengZe yuan: the song dynasty population hit 100 million mark ", (" population studies of 1986 6). And the xia liao and sung to bright qing dynasty of development, to qing dynasty dao guang year to more than 400 million population.

Feudal society period of the han population why can get so huge development, among which there is clearly Engels spoke of "human oneself of production, namely, the reproduction of Marx and Engels" (the selection of the fourth volume, the first 2 pages). The mechanism of action, but knowledge and understanding of the han population development, we must understand and know the han history one outstanding phenomenon, namely national assimilation problem. So-called national assimilation, is a national loss of national character, become another nation's problems. In China's national history, has assimilated minority han, also have a few national assimilation han, but both, compared to the former is the mainstream, is the han nationality can develop into a world first had one important reason.

After the eastern han, zhongyuan chaos, the centralized feudal state fall apart, everywhere is feudal lords, everywhere is strife war. In the great schism, free-for-all, big volatile, each nationality or the tribe around, the north banishment xiongnu, xianbei, uzziah, qiang pill, after capturing, jianghan district in central part of the barbarians also poured into central China, in central plains han and formation in hsiungnu, xianbei, uzziah, qiang and pill, after barbarians crisscross mixing-up of situation; And the north and south of the han people, In the Yangtze river and pearl river basin formation han and pretty, slang, such as opposed to southern minorities or tribal crisscross mixing-up situation. However, once upon a time, the minority of all or part of the why in history vanished? Also, after tang dynasty, in the new great schism, big unrest, in China history also has prominent th qidan nationality, their, nvzhen nationality and other ethnic minorities, once upon a time, all or part of its why also in history vanished? This is because they by han assimilation, lost the nation's characteristics, became part of the han nationality.

Anyhow, in Chinese history, ethnic intermixing trend sweeping, under the longer, the national psychology together the deep, the han nationality advanced communication economic and cultural development faster, by many ethnic han the half-blood formed and developed nation, as more things, the rolling is larger, more and more development, and finally become the world first shemidaites
language

Chinese genera sino-tibetan han puxi, there are seven dialect, namely northern dialect, WuFangYan, XiangFangYan, YueFangYan, fujian dialect, GanFangYan, hakka dialect, pinghua people-an important, jin language. In recent years, many scholars think of guangxi pinghua people-an important, shanxi of shanxi and language should be tied with other seven dialect. Furthermore, some scholars will also fujian dialect is divided into southern min and evaluation words. These dialect has its own distribution, each traffic regional dialect internal and HuaPian partition again, thus constituted Chinese dialects complex, north-south each interlinked language state. Modern Chinese northern dialect based in Beijing, for BiaoZhunYin speech. The Chinese characters is the world's most ancient text, one of about 6,000 years of history, the oracle, jinwen gradually evolved into today's Chinese, a total of more than 40,000 words, universal 7,000 words or so, presently for international general Chinese one. Due to the Chinese characters and unification of to the han nationality has strong cohesion function, therefore, we seem to be no exaggeration to say: have no Chinese characters, there is no han.

Han nationality in the large in formation

During the spring and autumn and the warring states national fusion furnace a molten huaxia nation is a scattered, nor unified national, the level of productivity further development and improving.

All this, converge, is requests have a unified political center. Hence, arguably, qin shihuang unified six in ten years, ending a feudal regime disputes, established the centralized feudal state "whole unification", the qin dynasty. In the "whole unification", the Chinese nation also from scattered toward the unification. After the establishment of the qin dynasty, qin shihuang adopted the implementation regulations "book JunXianZhi, with words", unified monetary, weights and "car with rail", "do homotopy", and built the Great Wall and so on a series of measures, unity and stability of the Chinese nation.

Because of these "whole unification" qin shihuang measures to make the Chinese nation more determined to become a stable people community, so although qin dynasty destiny is short, but han bearing qin system, in the large under the guidance of the concept of politics, the emperor, the creation of officials system, putting the country is divided into thirteen states department, execute "city deal, Economically, emperor SangHongYang Suggestions are to be accepted PingZhunFa to lose method, matriculating as the center, established a nationwide business network, the circulation of commodities greatly development; Cultural ideology, emperor accept dong "ousted hundred, various rejection advice, made Confucianism become classics, and achieved the dominant advantage, made Confucianism become are forming of han nationality common psychological quality flesh parts. All these, shows that the western han dynasty centralized feudal state "whole unification" more centralized, more powerful, make unified became the mainstream of development of Chinese history, the Chinese nation completed to the han nationality development and transformation.

Chinese national development, into the han is the sign of the han nationality clan name identified. Chinese national unification in the qin dynasty, their origin say once renamed "qin people, the western countries have said the Chinese nation as" qin people "habit. But the qin dynasty short-lived destiny is to make "qin people called soon forgotten by the people. And from the eastern han dynasty to the han dynasty, almost four hundred years before, the name of the han dynasty and the name of the Chinese nation providing the historical conditions. In addition, han dynasty exclamation strong, and in its foreign relations and other ethnic groups say the han army for "han army", the angel of the han dynasty to "han", han dynasty of artificial "han". Then, in the western han WangChaoTong hsiungnu, nearly qiang, madame, levy north Korea, clothing, accept living in southwest ee, nan yue with surrounding minorities are unprecedented frequent various communication activity, the name of the han dynasty by his family suichuan call the name of the Chinese nation. Han LvSiMian said: "the name of liu bang, begins after mansion." (the pre-qin history ", Shanghai ancient books press 1983 edition, on page 22). LvZhenYu then say: "since the Chinese emperor wudi QianHan XuanDi later, began to call han." (the Chinese national Jane ", John groe-newegen 1950 edition, article 19). In short, the name of the han dynasty han since beginning says.

From the Chinese nation to the history of han nationality development, transformation HuoJu, we can see clearly: after the Chinese nation in the spring and autumn and warring states national large fusion furnace moulds, after "whole unification", and under the guidance of the concept of performance to the national formation and history QiGuanChangHong scene. Since then, the han nationality in the world's most populous nation among the world nation community is located in the east of the world, this is the han form the third stage.

warring states period of national fusion

During the warring states period of national fusion to deeper degree, wider range, faster speed are to continue. In the south of the chu, spring and autumn later, chu, Yangtze river area YuHanShui embeddings 800 years, after the expansion of business, civilization degree more and more high, between peoples fusion are deeper and deeper, the most typical way of qu yuan qu yuan's example, qu yuan is depicted in the ancient temples murals and hair. At that time of the state of chu painters so familiar zhongyuan area of history, it serves to show the merging of nationalities brood. In the northeast of the warring states, to when ducal has become male according to northeast of powers, yan will qin open once hostage in eastern HuZu, after returning home rate DongHu, buy the army defeated the valley, yu Yang, right Peiping, liao, etc) county, east greatly expanded the yan-guo territory.

Yan of liaohe basin development, not only laid the ancient China in northeast China's territory, also make the liaohe river different ethnics amalgamated into the Chinese nation another branch. In the north of the warring states period is the second, zhao late qin power. ZhaoWuLingWang "HuFuQiShe" historical facts, is not only the warring states period, and examples of national fusion is huaxia culture absorb northern minorities culture happening.

In the north, qin, the warring states period, this is a dog counterpart, a Rong, rather than "ZhuHua" clan. Because WangDongQian escort flat QinXiang male magnanimity, beginning as governors. In the spring and autumn and warring states, qin in with western ZhuRong clan launched a fierce struggle, "hence bully," XiRong shi-ji qin this discipline ". Became each western national fusion center. BC shang Yang's innovation after 395 years, become the warring states, qin forged seven male in the strongest of country, not only defeated Korea, Vietnam, wei three kingdoms, and successively merger around a minority, add guizhou county, WuJun, south county, nanyang county, sanchuan county, taiyuan county, etc. Former western backward Rong clan country become western national fusion center, jumped into the backbone of the Chinese nation and the core.

From the spring and autumn period and the warring states national large fusion to history, we can see, following the xia, shang and zhou, chu, more of the nations successively rising the reigniting ancient Chinese national formation and history, magnificent scene in China after the ancient national formation and history and show the mammoth national large fusion scene. In this episode HuoJu, a new national - the Chinese nation, in the national big fusion molten furnace, respectively formed by qi, west to east qin, south to chu, north to zhao, swallow, as a representative of the four big branches, for the formation of the han ethnic unity lays the foundation, this is the second stage of the han formation.

The Chinese nation in the fusion of moulds

As history that has happened, nationality and other things, also be constant development, changing. From tribal developed into national xia, shang and zhou, chu, more of the nations as a primary national weeks and in the dynasty ruled under from the spring and autumn period and the warring states, and national relationship to happen big changes, grand development. At this moment, xia, shang and zhou, chu, more of the nations development, change the main form is mutual exchanges, mutual penetration, mutually absorb, the emergence of a national convergence trends.

    The spring and autumn period of national large fusion, first is in the xia, shang and Wednesday clan between. For example JinHui male "state soldiers", break the western zhou dynasty troops composed of regulation, since that "nation" and "state", while congressional opposition to eliminate this was weeks conquered "callings" and to show jin domestic gap between different nationalities have gradually fill and level up.

Spring and autumn national large fusion, also expansion to partly pretty, yi, Rong, sardis between. For example the mandarin language, "said zhou ZhouXiang" DE di people, with its female to." Zuozhuan zhuang male say: steel-wood teus.vanguard offered male "marry two women YuRong. Big Rong fox JiSheng ChongEr, small RongZiSheng yi us." Spring autumn the infamous ChongEr itself is a hybrid, not only such, ChongEr taken refuge in sardis, "di people blame such as madame, won the second female uncle Kui, season Kui, on the childe. Childe take Kui, born" season , uncle liu ". Zuozhuan xi male twenty-third year. Blame if the other ChongEr sardis chek lap kok, again with sardis who intermarry. And the east wind is YiZu must sentence compatriots LuXi and his concubine, Chek sardis other pathway baby wife is gentle view male's sister. And the man and jin zhou national Rong race's QinGuoRen marriage, more show spring autumn including part pretty, yi, sardis, Rong, national boundaries also be broken.

   All these meet together, forming the spring and autumn period, then a national large fusion of summer ZhouFei ChuFei more than the contractor, and than brute not yi not RongFei sardis secondary of the new national - the Chinese nation was born. The Chinese nation, in pre-qin classics more called "summer" or "the summer", which is also known as "China" or "ZhuHua". Confucius regards "summer" and "China" as synonyms, the so-called "African does not interfere in summer, yi not disorderly China". Zuozhuan set male years. Zuozhuan xiangyang male twenty-sixth said: "chu lost huaxia", is about "huaxia" one word the earliest record. Since then, the "huaxia" gradually became spring autumn to the xia, shang and Wednesday tribes, and give priority to source, some pretty old-and Rong, sardis for cigarettes, forming new national source fusion of clan name.